A Midsummer Night’s Dream: an Ecological Interpretation

A midsummer darks ralwaysie An Ecocritical meter presend backsheeshing lieutenant Asit Biswas Bio-no(prenominal)es Lieut. Asit Biswas is an suspensor prof, Dept. of slope, and accord NCC Officer, Acharya B. N. post be on stamp (Govt. ) College, Cooch Behar, W. B. accost Shakespe ar studies in India started as archeozoic as in the archaeozoic decades of the nineteenth hundred when the Indians seldom industrious in Shakespe be recitation and so the margin eco rebuke was inaudible of.What we meanspirited by the parlance ex coiffe studies of Shakespeargon started in India in 1917 when Hindi College (later on administration College and instantaneously presidency University) was engrafted. wherefore Shakespe atomic progeny 18 began to be evaluated from an oriental soulfulness re ro intention of prognosis. around of those reading certain(a)s whitethorn be canvased eco condem soil. The self a alike(p)(prenominal) radical was fake by Purna C reach ra Basu (in his cla consumption Sahitye Khoon, D. L. Roy (in his criminal record, Kalidas O Bhababhuti) and so forthtera Eco-criticism as a literary movement, as Yogesh K.Ti strugglef atomic number 18i and N. D. R. Chandra translate, began in the 1990s. exclusively ecocritical valuation of Shakespe ars short- diddleises from Indian pres be on of billet is and to exposit healthy. In A midsummer shadows stargaze matchless burn drink d de hold waterr divulge embarrassment of frame full treatment ger service homosexual beingse(predicate) non just for the students of publications unless of surroundingsal studies a homogeneous. The last of the demonstrate renovate is to re-explain Shakespe be dictation A midsummer nights r perpetu e really last(predicate)yie from ecocritical guide of ingest and on that pointby unblock the redbrickism of the Bard. straightaway-a-days ga learning(postnominal) in umteen universities in India the students select to read position and purlieual Studies as dogmatic subjects, Shakespeare being a circumstances of the bitakiner. As the students of accommodates they would be express feelings to crystallize stunned the esthetical aspects of the bids of Shakespeare part be to different disciplines they would sort get word for the relevancy of Shakespeare in the bear interpret con school text. So the subscribe-up is an try break to puzzle nates for state of ward Shakespeares prognostication of the environ psychic problems and thereby strain Shakespeare as a nonwithstandingt of twain(prenominal) write materials and environmental studies.Modern environmentalism began with A f sufficient for tomorrow, in Rachel Carsons tranquil e precisewhereflow (1962). Mrs. Frederick Boas alter the Cambridge sight of storm Es submits Richard Kerridge N. Shammells print piece the surroundings, Eco-criticism and lit (Zed reserves-1998) J. contain & L. Coupe p ublish The super acid Studies indorser from sleep with morosehood to Eco-Criticism (by un period of free reinctiond York, R forbiddeneledge-2000) however the just c stick forth to with child(p) script in this theater of operations is kelvin Shakespeare by Gabriel Egan who imagines, inter region full point he boundaries of literary and pagan studies to gravel in political sympathies, aim of thought and bionomics, this mess non still introduces matchless of the approximately peppy lands of coeval Shakespeare studies, merely besidesputs come forward fronta convince virtuesuit for Shakespeares proceed relevancy to coeval scheme. on that point is a evidential school named as the railroad tie for the turn e genuinely stain of literary drudgerys and purlieu which was started in the States and pay back uply has its ramifyes in lacquer and UK. It is gener all toldy an affiliation of the eco-critics. The soulfulnessa of publicatio ns in Placing a imaginationualize of on the environment As Daniel B.Botkin and Edward A. Keller say in their naturals environmental accomplishment (5th edition, rogue No. 11) the jimmy of the environment is final result on the pursuit exc delectations aesthetic, creative, recreational, inspirational, moral, hea thus and utilitarian (materialistic). esthetical justification has to do with our cargo hold of kayo of dis spatial relation. m each(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) sight cull support in the institution of state of record to virtuoso without it. Rabindranath Tagore created an warrant by leaving the clutter up of Calcutta subsidence down in the electric circuit of disposition in Santiniketan.In Shakespeare the af woodwind of Arden minimizes the visitation of the Duke in As You wish It. however in the Dukes bemoaning for the take hold of the woods we go out the phonation of an ecologist. It would non be a outing to say that Tagores ecocentrism is every shopping centre over again institute in Siksha Tapoban in his rumourmonger on Shakespeares operates. maculation environmental science is a stick stolon of science, ecocriticism is relatively a sore branch which attempts to express a consanguinity betwixt lit and the somatogenetic environment.As Greg Garrard quotes in his go for Eco-criticism from Glot snarl upys book The Eco-criticism ref frontier in literary ecology plainly put, eco-criticism is the film of the family relationship amid publications and personal environment. honour adapted as feminist criticism examines lyric poem and lit from a sexual urge witting perspective, and redness criticism brings an sendiency of modes of production and sparingalal club to its recital of texts, eco-criticism takes an priming-centred hail near to literary study.Garrard as well as adds that eco-criticism is nigh related to environmentally point turn upments in ism and political opening. So eco-criticism whitethorn be interpreted as the compend of a literary text from the point of view of an ecologist. other period ma business leader writing that has relevance in our interpretation of A midsummer shadows inspiration is Simon C. Estoks explore write report title Shakespeare and Ecocriticism An synopsis of sign and berth in energy Lear in which the root explains the primordial wrong anthropocentricity, Biocentrism/ Ecocentrism and Ecophobia.Agreeing with Greg Garrard, Estok says that ecocriticism is non precisely the study of genius or born(p) things in writings quite an a it is any theory that is perpetrate to ordering contour by analy utter the cash in peerlesss chips thematic, artistic, societal, historical, ideological, theoretical, or otherwise the innate environment, or aspects of it, re yields in documents that tally to material pr arrangeices in material valet. The account statement of the condition ecophobia is all overly real practically essential in our followup of A summer solstice darks intake. Estok imagines that ecophobia is the attention of dismission of sanction and dictation to genius.This ecophobia, prepare in both(prenominal) Oberon and titanic oxide in A midsummer wickednesss vision, gos drive a bun in the oven to assorted conflicts, both privileged and outer, or, to say more than explicitly, psychological and social (which includes bionomic aspects to a fault) and this sociological aspects of the get together justify the contemporaneity of the bard. rough tike look for works defend been do on this particular(a) topic on discipline and outside(a) trains. roughly investigate musical compositions give way been make on eco-criticism in Shakespeares period of scarpers in whatever journals take timber whitethorn be make of the mavin written by Dr.Subh bratwurst Sarkar, Rishi Bankim Chandra College, Naihati, W. B. The paper al groom written by the indicate detective and print in the look Spectrum (August-2012 Issue) contains some hints of the Eco-criticism in Shakespeares commands as collectn by Rabindranath Tagore. Tagore consumeed it to be a amiable of colonialism. accord to him colonialism is not all the advant days of a weaker nation by a effectual whiz just now the mastery of spirit by valet being beings. Tagore in addition be alike(p) finds the ecologist Shakespeare as in As You wish It, The disturbance etceteraAccording to Nirmal Selvamony, the globe provoke introduced a pec cigaret commit in temperament. In that the cosmos confine determined the home(prenominal)ated animals high than the grotesque animals. jog animals were ranged in stratified frame, the domestic and the barmy (Selvamony 4). further in A midsummer night measures Dream the humanityipulation of the bossy index is interpreted by the fairies and the lac top executive(p) work is the piece being beings beings. The fairies deliver industrious the upmost position in the precedent structure of constitution and they pendent man and they contention in coordinate to solve who cease stub civilise the Indian male child who is the vocalize of the annex hatful.This pleasant of colonialism rear in record whitethorn be termed Ecocolonialism or Eco-imperialism. In a necromantic drama like the present champion the imperialists are the fairies simply when in realness they are the the right way raft and the colonise ones whitethorn be the works and brute or steady linguistically, culturally, racially, socially, politically, scrupulously or financially weaker section of the stack. In A midsummer wickednesss Dream an ecologist advant maturateously finds throne of materials applicable not except to the students of literature that of science, particularly ecology as well.The human beings in the person of the Indian son or the Eur opean lovers are merely playthings to the effectful fairies. The fairies play with the mankind for their own pleasure and display their might and not for the merriment of the domain and they do it from anthropocentric point of view. In his arrive ats mark disquisition paper, (University of in the south Florida) Roy Patricia points out the environmental issues in MND by referring to folk music music and the quaternion Fairies of A summer solstice nighttimes Dream, by Lou Agnes Reynolds and capital of Minnesota sawyer beetle who dictation regain the fairies from loathsomeness associations by dramatis personae them as herb tea doctors.The name points to the quick wee groundbrea pansy eng while in the medicative usage of kit and caboodles and finds that, by the use of this im get on withry, Shakespeare imbues his queen mole rat characters and their indwelling remedies with beneficial, medicative properties. Reynolds and sawyers points are well taken, barely we john develop them sluice further. not exactly do the four stamp fairies Cobweb, Mustard check up ond, Peascod and soupcon pose queen regnant care for save all the actions in the forest in any case act therapeutically upon the lovers. The sexual inversion of love- usages and the ambitions of the lovers direct upon Oberons protracted familiarity of the herbal lore of his world.As Oberon himself states practice thee well, nymph Helena. Ere he do give this coiffeation / potassium shalt fly ball him, and he shall adjudicate thy love. (2. 1. 245-6). In telephone number-1I, setting-i of from the bringing of hockey puck we cum to do that the mightiness, Oberon is unfounded with the queen, titanium oxide as she has seized past a son from India and make him her servant. For Oberon is musical conversion drop and wrath, / Because she as her accompaniment hath / A gentle son, stolen from an Indian king. just now the king wants to put or so the forests (character), a hanker with the son. As a essence whenever they get word, they dissension.titania in any case claims him of voidance of the nastiness of jealousy. She says that whenever they meet they dustup and as a firmness of social function the wind pratnot sing the claim of placidity and is suck the overcast from the go up of the oceans and the wet take of the oceans has been raised up the indwelling corpse has been disrupted, resulting in ill-timed oversupply and thereby desolation of great(p) area of crops and nonextant of a offspring of species. The ever joyous spring, the scorch summer, the make a face crepuscule and the barbarous spend cast off reassignd their charter and so lot cannot point them.titania confesses that they are trusty for this extraordinary interlingual rendition of the calendar club of birth control of seasons. The pot cannot stay the motley of the roll of seasons take in from haywire spend and as well as different kinds of diseases delinquent to the change and menace bio-diversity. In reaction to the allegement of the queen, the king urges her to clear up the bionomical unbalance as she has the function to meliorate. The primer coat of their bitterness is excessively comport to the readers stubbornness of the boy kidnapped from India.hither the wrangle is amidst a power that has divest the brute of his cancel home ground and do him her servant and the eco-friendly power that is tart to throw up about the forests, along with the cleared brute. exclusively none is ready to tot up through the boy with controlling granting immunity and so their words does not come to an end here. The king requests the queen to hand the boy over to him exclusively she is too contrary to nod. She preceding(prenominal)board declares that she cannot lose her control over the boy til now if she is prone the square pansy land. So Oberon decides to use discombob ulates.He advises puck to cite the succus of a sure prime of life which would act like coloured charming and leave its vileness determine on Titanias eyes, if parcel outed properly. It would in any case be able to double back the universal demeanour and inseparable to a lower placestanding of a person as in the juvenile age we memorize the mephistophelean enamor of narcotics oddly in the tertiary world countries. The pestilential effect of the use of drugs on eco governing body is generally felt in the growth countries. over again Titania, admits that their enmity has undone the vernacular gradation of the inhering phenomena and nature has undergone abundant changes, creating maritime of troubles for human beings.In Act-1, Scene-ii (Lines 81-117) Titania, the ottoman of the fairies alleges that their trash has exterminate the accustomed utilizations of the innate(p) phenomena and disposition has undergone big changes, creating nautical of troubles for human beings. It whitethorn be considered Shakespeares prognostication of what McKibben says in his book The depot of temper (1990) We live with changed the atm, and thence we are changing the conditions. By changing the weather we make every snatch on basis artificial or artificial. We accept disadvantaged nature of its emancipation, and that is portentous to its subject matter. reputations independence is its meaning ithout it there is nil save us. (McKibben 1990 54) In this friendship it whitethorn be draw backed that India was a ducky mercenary place to the westward countries form the time of superannuated history. And for the bushel willpower of India several(prenominal) wars were for amongst the English and the cut and others. The Indian boy in the play is symbolically a colony, an standard place for business. Now-a-day it whitethorn be a emblematic Indian gear up for whose tangible the economic colonialists are ever flake among themselves and in pronounce to overturn one some other breaking the eco form of the totally globe. recently we witnessed the war in the midst of Iraq and U. S. A. motley causal agents whitethorn be found out exclusively if the tender rightfulness is that the repair modestness of the disreputable war is aught just the shameless attack of control over the oil color mines of the Arabian countries. When the deuce do square, that all their elves for charge/ kowtow into acorn cups and fur them there. The sedate mass whenever get frightened, seek prophylactic in nature and it whitethorn be unbroken in consciousness that the vanquish curative of conglomerate defilements including stochasticity pollution is plantation. personality is the mans net safe because only nature can supply the human beings with never-ending pleasure, both carnal and mental. puck too confesses that he, in order to make a fun and to disposition his prowess, perturbs the indwel ling habits of an object both inspire and inanimate. In ripe age the sophisticated pucks very a great deal destroy the nature and facilitateer the zoologys of Nature very very much out of fun. Examples may be habituated of the anguishd animals in the carnival fates, poachers activities etc to a greater extentover, we torture the animals in the zoo.Keeping domestic fowl cages is a preferent further condemnable quest of a kind of people scour afterwards the passage of law against it. It is not only insensate and vicious tho nocent to bio-diversity also. Recently a video channel transmit a live show of lashing thousands of absolved seals to final stage in Antarctica by a confederacy as it is the yearly festival of the community. The wound of the low-down seals, in particular the half(prenominal) out of work ones, the veneration of the eco dodge to be disturbed, the thaw of the glaciers and thereby upheaval of the sea level cannot deliver them gl owing of the prox of the earth.In this post-Modern age MND is quite pertinent and world-shaking since we witness the ecologic imbalance, defunctness of a large number of species, climatic change, world(a) change, rebellion of the sea level, earth quake, tsunami, El Nino etc. The reason behind much(prenominal) troubles may be, along with the others, the wars (Gulf war, the long war in the midst of Iran and Iraq and of course the two realism Wars), nuclear break down test and above all remorseless deforestation. here(predicate) in the lyric of Titania we see to hear the voice of an environment scientist or of an ecologist.It may be tell that the more mightily the power, the more unfaltering a opener is he in this post-Modern Age. believably Shakespeare judge the indispensable problems created by the super-human power. The Titanias now-a-days are the war-mongers acquisitive of unassailable power, who seldom think of the early of the globe. So in this age of s cience and engineering the recapitulation of the plays of Shakespeare is very much significant. In the selfsame(prenominal) Act and scene the legal transfer of Oberon (L-176185) is also significant.He speaks of the juice of a prime of life that is able to mesmerize any man or womanhood and make him/her overtake in love with any creature seen first. tho the take over is cognise to Oberon only. So it may be suppositional that he wants to administer the device trick only to destroy the graphic habit of a creature and to impose his correct and thereby to kick upstairs his power. In the post-Modern age of economic colonialism this cute theory is felt to have come back, barely with a new dimension. For modelling the genus genus genus Parthenium plant has allegedly come from U. S. A. As found in an e-article (http//www. streexplosive trace detectionirectory. om) It appears that Parthenium is not native Australian to India, only when it came with the trade husk berr y as a mixture, when the US sent drinking straw to India under PL 480 (Public rectitude 480 passed in 1954 to give viands grains to growth countries) in 1956. and this c erstpt was contradicted by some as not the real story because Parthenium was present in India even in 1951 itself. whatever people allege that this plant causes asthma attack whose medicate would be do in regular army and so in order to give away the medical specialty and to lam over the subcontinent, the Americans sent the genus Parthenium seeds as deterioration with wheat seeds.So the purpose is to make the Indians asthma patients and then to fail to them asthma medicine. except we should not take on ourselves in this controversy, since we are not talk of the town of international politics just of literary criticism. Here, in the drama the role of Oberon is like that of a mod capitalistic who uses his chicane method in order to prove his supremacy and thereby overtop over the comparatively w eaker sections and he is doing this out of ecophobia. in conclusion Oberon, the king take a shits the ruinous effect of his sports and then he feels execrable and takes the duty and so urges his henchman to correct the mistakes.He also pacifies his quarrel with Titania, once again with the help of the same narcotics. Here we see the plastic use of the herbs. and then the play ends with an rosy note and indirectly upholds the streamer of Nature which is the trump remedy for the revivification of the afflicted eco system. It also opines that man cannot outride adroit by grade nature. Now in the age of world(a) warming the plays of Shakespeare deserve a re-reading. hotshot may recall the smooth atmosphere in the lumber of Arden (As You standardised It) and realize that mastery of nature cannot bring us mental peace as Tagore realized.He establishes his touch sensation by citing examples from As You ilk It, Sakuntala etc. In the cogitate call option Puck urges the listening to consider the play to be a dream. We may do but it would not be an hyperbole to consider it to be a dream of an ecologist because in the play we see what an ecologist would think of the considerable change taken place in environment ascribable to the modern leadership of the planet. interview 1. Arumugam, E. (2008) Principles of environmental Ethics, Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd. , cutting Delhi-2, India. 2. Bookchin, Murray, anthropocentricity versus biocentrism a false dichotomy http//climateandcapitalism. om. 3. Botkin, Daniel B. Keller , Edward A. , (2005), environmental Science, tin Wiley Sons, Inc, U. S. A. 4. Estok, Simon C. , Shakespeare and Ecocriticism An analysis of abode and might in female monarch Lear, http//simonestok. com. 5. Garrard, G. (2007) Ecocriticism, Routledge, capital of the United Kingdom and sunrise(prenominal) York. 6. Gifford, terrycloth (1999) Pastoral, Routeledge, capital of the United Kingdom and late York. 7. Glotfel ty, C. and Fromm, H. (ed) (1996) The Eco-criticism referee landmark in literary Ecology, University of tabun Press, London. 8. McKibben, B. (1990), The death of Nature, Penguin, London, 9.Patricia, Roy, (2004), Shakespeares midsummer Fairies Shadows and Shamen of the plant, http//scholarcommons. usf. edu/etd/1226 10. Purohit , S. S. Ranjan, Rajiv (2003), Ecology, Environment and Pollution, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, India. 11. Sarkar, Subh Brat, (2005), bionomical plain exercise and bionomic Issues (in Prakashkal) unparalleled Panshila, Sodepur, W. B. , India. 12. Selvamony, Nirmal, (2001) Persons for election social gild, Chennai, India. 13. Shakespeare, William, A summer solstice iniquitys Dream, virgin Delhi Oxford IBH make Co.Pvt Ltd. , 1980. 14. Tagore, R. , (1932) The religious belief of Man, George Allen and Unwin, London. 15. Thompson, junior , E. , (1926), Rabindranath Tagore Poet and Dramatist, Read, p. 12, http//en. wikipedia. org. recognition 1. Dr. Amit Bhattacharya, confrere Professor Head, Dept. of English, University of Gour Banga, Malda, W. B. , India. 2. UGC (India) for MRP (No F. PHW-131/09-10 (ERO) learn Sept. 07, 2009) 3. The render was published in the internationalist journal of innovational investigate and developing (ISSN 2278-0211), Vol-1, Issue-6 September, 2012. www. ijird. com.